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Class Notes: 12/5
December 5, 2009 Class Notes
The beginner class went over 5th declension nouns. They are comprised of masculine and feminine nouns that end in uo and ė.
There are only two nouns are feminine: sesuo (sister) and duktė daughter. Lithuanians also use the nouns sesa and dukra, which belong to the second group of nouns (feminine and end in a).
The rest of the nouns in the fifth declension are all masculine and end in uo.
They are declined as follows in singular:
Nominative uo vanduo
Genitive ens vandens
Dative eniui vandeniui
Accusative enį vandenį
Instrumental enimi OR eniu vandeniu
Locative enyje vandenyje
Vocative enie vandenie
Sesuo and duktė are declined as follows:
Nominative uo or ė sesuo, duktė Genitive ers sesers, dukters Dative eriai seseriai, dukteriai
Accusative erį seserį, dukterį
Instrumental erimi or eria seserimi, dukterimi
Locative eryje seseryje, dukteryje
Vocative erie seserie, dukterie
There is an irregular noun that belongs to the fifth group: šuo (dog). Note that the suffix is un and not en.
Nominative šuo
Genitive šuns OR šunio OR šunies
Dative šuniui
Accusative šunį
Instrumental šunimi OR šuniu
Locative šunyje
Vocative šunie
The other irregular noun that ends in -uo is mėnuo (month/moon). Singular:
Nominative mėnuo
Genitive mėnesio
Dative mėnesiui
Accusative mėnesį
Instrumental mėnesiu
Locative mėnesyje
Vocative mėnesi
Plural: declined like a -ius noun in the fourth group.
Nominative mėnesiai
Genitive mėnesių
Dative mėnesiams
Accusative mėnesius
Instrumental mėnesiais
Locative mėnesiuose
Vocative mėnesiai
There are not too many nouns that end in uo that are present in the Lithuanian language. The main ones are:
vanduo water
raumuo muscle
dubuo bowl
sesuo sister
akmuo stone
asmuo person
mėnuo month or moon
šuo dog
ruduo fall, autumn
rėmuo heartburn
piemuo shepard, cowboy
skiemuo syllable
The advanced class went over Chapter 4 in the grammar book. Part of the chapter included generating lists of words that had the same root.
The first such example was the root -deg.
degti - to burn (dega, degė)
***apdegti- to burn a little bit, to burn around
***išdegti- to burn down
***įdegti- to kindle (a campfire)
***nudegti- to burn part of the bosy, to scorch, to sunburn
***padegti- to set something on fire
***sudegti- to burn completely
***uždegti- to start a fire, to light up
deginti- to burn (something) (degina, degino)
degalai gas, fuel
degalinė gas station
degutas tar
degtukas match
degamas inflammable
degantis burning
degėsiai site of a fire
degiklis fuse, burner
degintojas burner
deglas torch
degus combustible
degimas burning
The second such root was sen:
senas old
senelis grandfather, old man
senelė grandmother, old woman
senovė antiquity
senamadis old fashioned
senatvė senility, old age
seniškas senile
senbernis confirmed bachelor
senmergė spinster, old maid
sendinti make look old (sendina, sendino)
senėti to grow old (senėja, senėjo)
seniai long ago
seniena antique
senis old man
senutė old woman
senoliai forefathers
senti to grow old (sensta, seno)
senukas old age
senyvas elderly
Pastaba: senelis is the common term for grandfather but there is also diedukas, which is the father's father. It comes from the word diedas, which means old man but has impolite implications like boba. Be careful that you do not confuse diedukas with dėdukas, the diminutive for uncle.
The third root was -brol:
brolis brother
brolystė brotherhood, also brolija
brolėčia brother's daughter
brolelis little brother, also broliukas
brolienė brother's wife
broliuotis to fraternize (broliuojasi, broliavosi)
brolvaikas nephew
broliškas brotherhood, brotherly
The fourth root was -darž
daržas vegetable garden
daržovė vegetable
darželis flower garden
daržininkas market gardener
daržovininkas grocer
daržinė barn
šiltądaržis greenhouse, also šiltnamas
vaikų darželis kindergarten
The fifth root was -juok:
juoktis to laugh (juokiasi, juokėsi)
juokauti to joke, to jest, laugh at, make fun of (juokauja, juokavo)
juokautojas jester
juokinti to make someone laugh
juokingas ridiculous, laughable
juokdarysclown, can also be used cynically
juokas laughter
juokas pro ašaras smile through the tears
The sixth and final root was -dyk:
dykas idle, unoccupied; empty, hollow
dyka kalba idle talk
dykaiadv. free of charge
dykti (dyksta, dyko) become/get spoiled (children)
dykaduoniauti(dykaduoniauja, dykaduoniavo) to be a drone/parasite (life off of others)
Idiom: liautis dykaduoniavus pull out one's finger
dykaduonis parasite, drone
dykinėjimasidleness
dykomis empty
dykakalbistwaddler, prattle
dykinėtojasidelr, loafer, slacker
dykumadesert
dykvietė barren, wasteland
dykinti (dykina, dykino) to clear out, empty, spoil
dykynė waste
dykūnas passenger, idler, loafer
dykinėti (dykinėja, dykinėjo) to waste, idle, loaf
išdykėlisnaughty, mischievous child
išdykti (išdyksta, išdyko) become/get spoiled (children)
išdykumas naughtiness, also išdykybė
išdykęsnaughty, spoiled
išdykęs vaikas spoiled child
Vocabulary Notes from the story
švilpauti (švilpauja, švilpavo) to whistle
rėkauti (rėkauja, rėkavo) to scream
netyčia accidently
kliudyti (kliudo, kliudė) to touch, graze
užgauti (užgauna, užgavo) to hurt, bruise, insult, offend
skinti skina, skynė) to pick, pluck
mesti(meta, metė) to throw
priešdėlis- prefix
In Lithuanian, prefixes on verbs can change the meaning of the word. There are a dozen prefixes:
ap (or api)- around
at motion towards the speaker/specific place
į into or towards
iš out of
nu away (opposite of at)
pa a little bit
par towards home
per through or across
pra past
pri up to or reaching somewhere
su from many to one
už on/up or behind
The following picture was taken from Po Truptį and has an excellent chart summarizing it.
scan0002.jpg
Also, in Level Three Lessons, Debeselis.net has great pages dealing with each prefix with several examples for all.
Compare the following examples of eiti, bėgti, and nešti with the prefixes.
eiti to go by foot (eina, ėjo)
apeiti to go around
ateiti to come
įeiti to enter
išeiti to leave, depart, go away
nueiti to walk away, to walk some distance
paeiti to be able to walk
pareiti to return (home)
pereiti to cross over (by foot)
praeiti to walk past, pass by
prieiti to come closer, to approach (+ prie and Genitive)
sueiti to converge, congregate, come together
užeiti to come for a brief moment
bėgti to run (bėga, bėgo)
apibėgti to run around
atbėgti to come running
įbėgti to run into
išbėgti to run out
nubėgti to run a certain distance
pabėgti to run a little bit, to escape, to flee
parbėgti to run home
perbėgti to run across
prabėgti to run past
pribėgti to run to a certain point
subėgti to come running together
užbėgti to run for a short time, to run to a higher elevation
nešti to carry, to bring (neša, nešė)
atnešti to bring, to fetch
išnešti to carry out
išsinešti to personally carry out
įnešti to bring in
nunešti to carry away
panešti to carry for a certain time
parnešti to bring to a certain location
pranešti to inform, notify, announce
pernešti to carry over, to endure
sunešti to bring together, to collect
užnešti to carry up, to cover up
Notice how for nešti some of the prefixes change the meaning of the verb in an unexpected way. Not all of the prefixes added to the root follow the same pattern. For example, tikti is to agree, but patikti is to please, and sutikti is to meet.
The beginner class went over 5th declension nouns. They are comprised of masculine and feminine nouns that end in uo and ė.
There are only two nouns are feminine: sesuo (sister) and duktė daughter. Lithuanians also use the nouns sesa and dukra, which belong to the second group of nouns (feminine and end in a).
The rest of the nouns in the fifth declension are all masculine and end in uo.
They are declined as follows in singular:
Nominative uo vanduo
Genitive ens vandens
Dative eniui vandeniui
Accusative enį vandenį
Instrumental enimi OR eniu vandeniu
Locative enyje vandenyje
Vocative enie vandenie
Sesuo and duktė are declined as follows:
Nominative uo or ė sesuo, duktė Genitive ers sesers, dukters Dative eriai seseriai, dukteriai
Accusative erį seserį, dukterį
Instrumental erimi or eria seserimi, dukterimi
Locative eryje seseryje, dukteryje
Vocative erie seserie, dukterie
There is an irregular noun that belongs to the fifth group: šuo (dog). Note that the suffix is un and not en.
Nominative šuo
Genitive šuns OR šunio OR šunies
Dative šuniui
Accusative šunį
Instrumental šunimi OR šuniu
Locative šunyje
Vocative šunie
The other irregular noun that ends in -uo is mėnuo (month/moon). Singular:
Nominative mėnuo
Genitive mėnesio
Dative mėnesiui
Accusative mėnesį
Instrumental mėnesiu
Locative mėnesyje
Vocative mėnesi
Plural: declined like a -ius noun in the fourth group.
Nominative mėnesiai
Genitive mėnesių
Dative mėnesiams
Accusative mėnesius
Instrumental mėnesiais
Locative mėnesiuose
Vocative mėnesiai
There are not too many nouns that end in uo that are present in the Lithuanian language. The main ones are:
vanduo water
raumuo muscle
dubuo bowl
sesuo sister
akmuo stone
asmuo person
mėnuo month or moon
šuo dog
ruduo fall, autumn
rėmuo heartburn
piemuo shepard, cowboy
skiemuo syllable
The advanced class went over Chapter 4 in the grammar book. Part of the chapter included generating lists of words that had the same root.
The first such example was the root -deg.
degti - to burn (dega, degė)
***apdegti- to burn a little bit, to burn around
***išdegti- to burn down
***įdegti- to kindle (a campfire)
***nudegti- to burn part of the bosy, to scorch, to sunburn
***padegti- to set something on fire
***sudegti- to burn completely
***uždegti- to start a fire, to light up
deginti- to burn (something) (degina, degino)
degalai gas, fuel
degalinė gas station
degutas tar
degtukas match
degamas inflammable
degantis burning
degėsiai site of a fire
degiklis fuse, burner
degintojas burner
deglas torch
degus combustible
degimas burning
The second such root was sen:
senas old
senelis grandfather, old man
senelė grandmother, old woman
senovė antiquity
senamadis old fashioned
senatvė senility, old age
seniškas senile
senbernis confirmed bachelor
senmergė spinster, old maid
sendinti make look old (sendina, sendino)
senėti to grow old (senėja, senėjo)
seniai long ago
seniena antique
senis old man
senutė old woman
senoliai forefathers
senti to grow old (sensta, seno)
senukas old age
senyvas elderly
Pastaba: senelis is the common term for grandfather but there is also diedukas, which is the father's father. It comes from the word diedas, which means old man but has impolite implications like boba. Be careful that you do not confuse diedukas with dėdukas, the diminutive for uncle.
The third root was -brol:
brolis brother
brolystė brotherhood, also brolija
brolėčia brother's daughter
brolelis little brother, also broliukas
brolienė brother's wife
broliuotis to fraternize (broliuojasi, broliavosi)
brolvaikas nephew
broliškas brotherhood, brotherly
The fourth root was -darž
daržas vegetable garden
daržovė vegetable
darželis flower garden
daržininkas market gardener
daržovininkas grocer
daržinė barn
šiltądaržis greenhouse, also šiltnamas
vaikų darželis kindergarten
The fifth root was -juok:
juoktis to laugh (juokiasi, juokėsi)
juokauti to joke, to jest, laugh at, make fun of (juokauja, juokavo)
juokautojas jester
juokinti to make someone laugh
juokingas ridiculous, laughable
juokdarysclown, can also be used cynically
juokas laughter
juokas pro ašaras smile through the tears
The sixth and final root was -dyk:
dykas idle, unoccupied; empty, hollow
dyka kalba idle talk
dykaiadv. free of charge
dykti (dyksta, dyko) become/get spoiled (children)
dykaduoniauti(dykaduoniauja, dykaduoniavo) to be a drone/parasite (life off of others)
Idiom: liautis dykaduoniavus pull out one's finger
dykaduonis parasite, drone
dykinėjimasidleness
dykomis empty
dykakalbistwaddler, prattle
dykinėtojasidelr, loafer, slacker
dykumadesert
dykvietė barren, wasteland
dykinti (dykina, dykino) to clear out, empty, spoil
dykynė waste
dykūnas passenger, idler, loafer
dykinėti (dykinėja, dykinėjo) to waste, idle, loaf
išdykėlisnaughty, mischievous child
išdykti (išdyksta, išdyko) become/get spoiled (children)
išdykumas naughtiness, also išdykybė
išdykęsnaughty, spoiled
išdykęs vaikas spoiled child
Vocabulary Notes from the story
švilpauti (švilpauja, švilpavo) to whistle
rėkauti (rėkauja, rėkavo) to scream
netyčia accidently
kliudyti (kliudo, kliudė) to touch, graze
užgauti (užgauna, užgavo) to hurt, bruise, insult, offend
skinti skina, skynė) to pick, pluck
mesti(meta, metė) to throw
priešdėlis- prefix
In Lithuanian, prefixes on verbs can change the meaning of the word. There are a dozen prefixes:
ap (or api)- around
at motion towards the speaker/specific place
į into or towards
iš out of
nu away (opposite of at)
pa a little bit
par towards home
per through or across
pra past
pri up to or reaching somewhere
su from many to one
už on/up or behind
The following picture was taken from Po Truptį and has an excellent chart summarizing it.
scan0002.jpg
Also, in Level Three Lessons, Debeselis.net has great pages dealing with each prefix with several examples for all.
Compare the following examples of eiti, bėgti, and nešti with the prefixes.
eiti to go by foot (eina, ėjo)
apeiti to go around
ateiti to come
įeiti to enter
išeiti to leave, depart, go away
nueiti to walk away, to walk some distance
paeiti to be able to walk
pareiti to return (home)
pereiti to cross over (by foot)
praeiti to walk past, pass by
prieiti to come closer, to approach (+ prie and Genitive)
sueiti to converge, congregate, come together
užeiti to come for a brief moment
bėgti to run (bėga, bėgo)
apibėgti to run around
atbėgti to come running
įbėgti to run into
išbėgti to run out
nubėgti to run a certain distance
pabėgti to run a little bit, to escape, to flee
parbėgti to run home
perbėgti to run across
prabėgti to run past
pribėgti to run to a certain point
subėgti to come running together
užbėgti to run for a short time, to run to a higher elevation
nešti to carry, to bring (neša, nešė)
atnešti to bring, to fetch
išnešti to carry out
išsinešti to personally carry out
įnešti to bring in
nunešti to carry away
panešti to carry for a certain time
parnešti to bring to a certain location
pranešti to inform, notify, announce
pernešti to carry over, to endure
sunešti to bring together, to collect
užnešti to carry up, to cover up
Notice how for nešti some of the prefixes change the meaning of the verb in an unexpected way. Not all of the prefixes added to the root follow the same pattern. For example, tikti is to agree, but patikti is to please, and sutikti is to meet.
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